EXPLORATORY LAPAROTOMY
Indication: Acute abdomen requiring surgical exploration when imaging is inconclusive or clinical findings demand urgent operative assessment — peritonitis, suspected perforation, ischaemic bowel, or uncontrolled haemorrhage.
Patient Position: Supine.
Anaesthesia: General.
Prophylactic Antibiotics: Broad-spectrum cover for Gram-negative organisms and anaerobes.