APPENDICECTOMY (OPEN)
Indication: Acute appendicitis or diagnostic uncertainty requiring appendiceal removal. Open approach used when laparoscopy is unavailable, in advanced peritonitis, or where conversion from laparoscopic approach is required.
Patient Position: Supine.
Anaesthesia: General.
Prophylactic Antibiotics: Broad-spectrum coverage for colonic flora (second-generation cephalosporin or co-amoxiclav with metronidazole). Extended if perforated.